WikiWorks at 14:53, 12 April 2007

2007-04-12T14:53:27Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Watermelon
| image = Vampire watermelon.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Citrullus lanatus''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
| familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Citrullus]]''
| species = '''''C. lanatus'''''
| binomial = ''Citrullus lanatus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb]].) Matsum. & Nakai
}}
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Watermelon, edible parts | kJ=127 | protein = 0.6 g | fat=0.2 g | carbs=7.6 g | fiber=0.4 g | water=91 g | vitC_mg=8 | source_usda=1 | right=1 }}
'''Watermelon''' (''Citrullus lanatus'', Family [[Cucurbitaceae]]) is a [[fruit]] and [[plant]] of a vine-like (climber and trailer) [[herb]] originally from southern [[Africa]] and one of the most common type of [[melon]]. This [[flowering plant]] produces a special type of fruit known by [[botany|botanists]] as a pepo, which has a thick rind (exocarp) and fleshy center (mesocarp and exocarp); pepos are derived from an inferior ovary and are characteristic of the Cucurbitaceae. The watermelon fruit, loosely considered a type of [[melon]] (although not in the genus ''[[Cucumis]]''), has a smooth exterior rind (green and yellow) and a juicy, sweet, usually red or yellow, but sometimes orange, interior flesh. The flesh consists of highly developed placental tissue within the fruit. The former name ''Citrullus vulgaris'' (''vulgaris'' meaning "common" — Shosteck, 1974), is now a synonym of the accepted scientific name for watermelon, ''Citrullus lanatus''.

==History==

[[David Livingstone]], an explorer of Africa, described watermelon as abundant in the [[Kalahari Desert]], where it is believed to have originated. There, the ancestral melon grows wild and is known as the '''Tsamma''' melon (''Citrullus lanatus'' var ''citroides'').{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is recognizable by its [[pinnatifid]] leaves and prolific fruit, up to 100 melons on a single vine. For this reason it is a popular source of water in the diet of the indigenous people. The flesh is similar to the [[rind]] of a watermelon and is often known as citron melon (distinct from the actual [[citron]], of the citrus family); it is used for making pickles, and because of its high content of [[pectin]] is popular as a constituent of jams, jellies, and other gelled preserves. It has established itself in the wild in [[Baja California]].

[[Image: Watermelon.jpg|left|thumb|Triangular Watermelon slices]]

It is not known when the plant was first cultivated, but Zohary and Hopf note evidence of its cultivation in the [[Nile Valley]] from at least as early as the [[second millennium BC]]. Finds of the characteristically large seed are reported in [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth dynasty]] sites; numerous watermelon seeds were recovered from the tomb of [[Pharaoh]] [[Tutankhamun]].<ref>Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of Plants in the Old World'', third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 193.</ref>

By the 10th century AD, watermelons were being cultivated in [[China]], which is today the world's single largest watermelon producer. By the 13th century, [[Moors|Moorish]] invaders had introduced the fruit to Europe; and, according to John Mariani's ''The Dictionary of American Food and Drink'', "watermelon" made its first appearance in an English dictionary in 1615.

''Museums Online South Africa'' list watermelons as having been introduced to [[North America]]n [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] in the 1500s. Early French explorers found Native Americans cultivating the fruit in the [[Mississippi Valley]]. Many sources list the watermelon as being introduced in [[Massachusetts]] as early as 1629. [[US South|Southern]] food historian John Egerton has said he believes African [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]] helped introduce the watermelon to the [[United States]]. Texas Agricultural Extension horticulturalist Jerry Parsons, Ph.D., lists Afr
ican slaves and European colonists as having distributed watermelons to many areas of the world. Parsons also mentions the crop being farmed by Native Americans in [[Florida]] (by 1664) and the [[Colorado River]] area (by 1799). Other early watermelon sightings include the [[US Midwest|Midwestern states]] (1673), [[Connecticut]] (1747), and the [[Chicagoland|Illiana]] region (1822).

Until the 1940s, however, it was hard to find watermelons in good condition at grocery stores. Melon lovers had to grow their own, which tended not to keep for long, purchase them from local grocers supplied by [[Truck farming|truck farmers]], or purchase them from roadside produce stands. Now they can be found in most any local grocery store, and if preferred in slices or whole, with seeds or without.

Then Charles Fredric Andrus, a horticulturist at the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] Vegetable Breeding Laboratory in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], set out to produce a disease-resistant and wilt-resistant watermelon. The result was "that gray melon from Charleston." Its oblong shape and hard rind made it easy to stack and ship. Its adaptability meant it could be grown over a wide geographical area. It produced high yields and was resistant to the most serious watermelon diseases: [[anthracnose]] and [[fusarium wilt]]. Today, farmers in approximately 44 states in the U.S. grow watermelon commercially, and almost all these varieties have some ''Charleston Gray'' in their lineage. [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Florida]], [[Texas]], [[California]] and [[Arizona]] are the USA's largest watermelon producers.

[[Image:Watermelon_seedless.jpg|thumb|small seedless watermelon]]
[[Image:Citrullus lanatus.jpg|thumb|Watermelon with yellow flesh]]
This now-common watermelon is large enough that groceries often sell half or quarter melons. There are also some smaller, spherical varieties of watermelon, both red- and yellow-fleshed, sometimes called "icebox melons."

==Culture==
For commercial plantings, one beehive per acre (4,000 m² per hive) is the minimum recommendation by the US Department of Agriculture for [[pollination]] of conventional, seeded varieties. Because seedless hybrids have sterile pollen, [[pollinizer]] rows of varieties with viable pollen must also be planted. Since the supply of viable pollen is reduced and pollination is much more critical in producing the seedless variety, the recommended number of hives per acre, or [[pollinator]] density, increases to three hives per acre (1,300 m² per hive).

[[Image:Male and female watermelon 1458.JPG|right|thumb|Flower stems of male and female watermelon blossoms, showing [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] (incipient fruit if pollinated) on the female]]

Although so-called "seedless" watermelons have far fewer seeds than the seeded varieties, they generally contain at least a few soft, pale seeds. They are the product of crossing a female [[tetraploid]] plant (itself the product of [[genetic manipulation]], using [[colchicine]]) with [[diploid]] [[pollen]]. The resulting [[triploid]] plant is sterile, but will produce the seedless fruit if pollenized by a diploid plant. For this reason, commercially available seedless watermelon seeds actually contain two varieties of seeds; that of the triploid seedless plant itself (recognizable because the seed is larger), and the diploid plant which is needed to pollenize the triploid. Unless both plant types are grown in the same vicinity, no seedless fruit will result. This system for growing seedless watermelons was first developed by Dr. Kihara in Japan and subsequently improved by Dr. O J Eigsti in partnership with Dr. Kihara. This scientific relationship was begun at the Third International Genetics Congress, held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1948. [[Image:cubicwatermelon.jpg|right|thumb|A cubic watermelon]]
[[Image:cubemelons.jpg|right|thumb|view of many cubic watermelons]]
[[Image:Trimelon.jpg|right|thumb|Pyramid shaped watermelon]]

Their collaboration lasted for over 20 years until Dr. Kihara died in 1986. Dr. Eigsti developed a tetraploid hybrid in the 1950s which became the gold standard for all seedless watermelons developed since then. In 1986, Dr. Eigsti's company was reorganized and a joint venture (American Sunmelon) was entered into with SunWorld International and in the ensuing eleven years seedless watermelon became a staple in supermarkets around the world. In 1998, Dr. Eigsti's tetraploid hybrid along with all of the assets of American Sunmelon were sold to Syngenta, the seed producing arm of Novartis A.G.

In [[Japan]], farmers of the [[Zentsuji]] region found a way to grow cubic watermelons, by growing the fruits in glass boxes and letting them naturally assume the shape of the receptacle. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1390088.stm (BBC)] The square shape supposedly makes the melons easier to stack and store, but the square watermelons are often more than double the price of normal ones. Pyramid shaped watermelons have also been developed.

<gallery>
Image:Watermelon Leaves 2540px.jpg|A group of watermelon leaves
Image:Single Watermelon Leaf 2000px.jpg|A closeup of a watermelon leaf
</gallery>

==Watermelon as food and drink==
Fresh watermelon may be eaten in a variety of ways and is also often used to flavor summer drinks and [[smoothie]]s.

The simplest way to cut a watermelon is to slice it crossways and then to slice the resulting round slabs into halves or quarters (pictured above). This method is generally used in a casual setting where people do not mind the juices flowing everywhere. Since the rind provides a handle, no utensils are needed.

If the watermelon is to be eaten in conjunction with a meal, it is generally cut into bite-sized squares or balled with a [[melon baller]]. The resulting pieces are often mixed with other melons and fruits and possibly a [[syrup]] to form a [[fruit salad]].

A one-cup serving of watermelon will provide around 48 [[calories]]. Watermelon is an excellent source of [[vitamin C]] and [[vitamin A]], with one serving containing 14.59 mg of vitamin C and 556.32 IU of vitamin A. Watermelon also provides significant amounts of [[vitamin B6]] and [[vitamin B1]], as well as the minerals [[potassium]] and [[magnesium]]. Pink watermelon is also a source of the potent [[carotenoid]] [[antioxidant]], [[lycopene]].

Grilled watermelon, known as [[watermelon steak]] due to its visual similarity to raw steak, is beginning to become a popular item in restaurants.

Watermelon rinds are also edible, and sometimes used as a [[vegetable]]. In China, they are [[stir frying|stir-fried]], [[stew]]ed, or more often [[pickling|pickled]]. When stir-fried, the de-skinned and de-fruited rind is cooked with [[olive oil]], [[garlic]], [[chili pepper]]s, [[scallions]], [[sugar]] and [[rum]] (and provides a great way to utilize the whole watermelon). Pickled watermelon rind is also widespread in [[Russia]] and [[Romania]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Watermelon [[seed]]s are rich in [[fat]] and [[protein]], and are widely eaten as a [[snack]], added to other dishes, or used as an [[oilseed]]. Specialized varieties are grown which have little watery flesh but concentrate their energy into seed production. In China watermelon seeds are one of the most common snack foods, popular especially with [[woman|women]], competing with [[sunflower seed]]s, and sold [[roasting|roasted]] and [[seasoning|seasoned]]. In [[West Africa]], they are pressed for oil, and are popular in [[egusi]] soup and other dishes. There can be some confusion between seed-specialized watermelon varieties and the [[colocynth]], a closely-related species with which they share many characteristics, uses, and similar or identical names.

Watermelon is 92 percent [[water]] by weight, the highest percentage of any fruit. In the United States and [[South Africa]], one may also find an alcoholic novelty known as a hard watermelon, or a watermelon that has been enhanced with an [[alcoholic beverage]]. This process involves boring a hole into the watermelon, then pouring the [[liquor]] inside and allowing it to mix with the flesh of the fruit. T
he watermelon is then cut and served as normal.

==Varieties==
{{unreferenced|section|date=December 2006}}

* Orangeglo: This variety has a very sweet orange pulp, and is a large oblong fruit weighing 20-30 pounds (9-14 kg). It has a light green rind with jagged dark green stripes. It takes about 90-100 days from planting to harvest.

* Moon and Stars: This is a very famous variety{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and has been around since at least the 1930s. The rind is purple/black and has many small yellow circles (stars) and one or maybe two large yellow circles (moon). The flesh is pink or red and has brown seeds. The foliage is also spotted. The time from planting to harvest is about 90 days.

* Cream of Saskatchewan: This variety consists of small round fruits, around 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter. It has a quite thin, light green with dark green striped rind, with sweet white flesh and black seeds. It can grow well in cool climates. It was originally brought to [[Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]] by [[Russian Canadians|Russian immigrants]]. These melons take 80-85 days from planting to harvest.

* Melitopolski: This variety has small round fruits roughly 11-12 inches (28-30 cm) in diameter. It is an early ripening variety that originated from the [[Volga River]] region of Russia, which is an area that has been famous for melon-growing for a long time{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The Melitopolski watermelons are seen piled high by vendors in Moscow in summer. This variety takes around 95 days from planting to harvest.

==Watermelon as symbol==

The watermelon slice is striking and unmistakable in appearance. Art related to the [[Mexico|Mexican]] holiday [[Day of the Dead|Dia de los Muertos]] (Day of the Dead — [[October 31]]–[[November 2]]) commonly depicts watermelons being eaten by the dead or shown in close conjunction with the dead. This theme appears regularly on [[ceramic]]s and in other art from the holiday. Watermelons are a frequent subject in Mexican [[still life]] art.

The image of a watermelon slice being eaten and general references to watermelons sometimes historically have been used derogatorily. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, [[African American]]s often were depicted in [[racism|racist]] [[caricature]]s as being inordinately fond of watermelon.

Southerners of any race frequently have been [[lampoon]]ed for the fruit's popularity in the [[US South|South]] over the years; however, some of the folk humor about Southerners has been gentle [[self-parody]], as seen in the annual watermelon seed-spitting contests at Southern festivals like Georgia's "[[Redneck Games|Redneck Olympics]]." Musician [[Fats Waller]] jokingly referred to watermelon as "[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] [[ham]]" in an ad-libbed aside during a recording of his song "I'm Crazy 'Bout My Baby".

Additionally, the word "watermelon" has been used since the late 20th century as a term describing [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Worldwide green parties|Green party members]], referring to them as "green on the outside, red on the inside" (red being the color commonly associated with [[communism]].)

Assuming that character of Pudd'nHead Wilson speaks for the author of the novel of the same name,{{or}} then Mark Twain was very fond of watermelon indeed. In this novel he wrote, "It is the chief of this world's luxuries, king by the grace of God over all the fruits of the earth. When one has tasted it, he knows what the angels eat. It was not a Southern watermelon that Eve took; we know it because she repented."

Fans of the [[Saskatchewan Roughriders]] of the [[Canadian Football League]] have adopted the 'melonhead' (a carved out watermelon shell used as a hat or football helmet) as a symbol of their 'Rider Pride'. It is widely accepted that this originated primarily because the 'Riders official colors are green, white, black, and silver, and that the melon shell placed on the head resembles the helmets that the players use. Attempts were made to pioneer the "Wheathead" (Wheat being a more prominent crop in Saskatchewan agriculture) modelled after the [[Green Bay Packers]] of the [[National Football League]]'s, 'Cheesehead' phenomenon, the 'Wheathead' campaign was largely a failure and the 'melonhead' still stands as a symbol of Saskatchewan football fans.

== Trivia ==

*The [[stand-up comedy|comedian]] [[Leo Gallagher]] is famous for smashing watermelons (and other items) with an over-sized sledgehammer at the end of his performances, frequently showering his audiences with watermelon juice and pulp.
*[[R. Lee Ermey]] often demonstrates weapons on watermelon on his History Channel show [[Mail Call]].

== Notes ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==References==
* [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/vegetabletravelers/watermelon.html "An African Native of World Popularity."] ''Texas A&M University Aggie Horticulture website''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Blomberg, Marina ([[June 10]], [[2004]]). [http://www.gainesville.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040610/MAGAZINE03/106100003&SearchID=73214462703808 "In Season: Savory Summer Fruits."] ''The Gainesville Sun''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* [http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wmelon/wmbreeders/andrus.html "Charles Fredric Andrus: Watermelon Breeder."] ''Cucurbit Breeding Horticultural Science''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* [http://agsyst.wsu.edu/Watermelon.htm "Crop Production: Icebox Watermelons."] ''Washington State University Vancouver Research and Extension Unit website''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Hamish, Robertson. [http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/cucurbitaceae/citrullus_lanatus.htm "Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon, Tsamma)."] ''Museums Online South Africa''. Retrieved Mar. 15, 2005.
* Motes, J.E.; Damicone, John; Roberts, Warren; Duthie, Jim; Edelson, Jonathan. [http://pearl.agcomm.okstate.edu/hort/vegetables/f6236.htm "Watermelon Production."] ''Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Parsons, Jerry, Ph.D. ([[June 5]], [[2002]]). [http://www.plantanswers.com/garden_column/june02/june5.htm "Gardening Column: Watermelons."] ''Texas Cooperative Extension of the Texas A&M University System''. Jul. 17, 2005.
* [http://www.iskratv.com/shorts/clips/cfC/uks010_043.html "Redneck Olympics."] ''ISKRA television''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Shosteck, Robert (1974). ''Flowers and Plants: An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes''. Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.: New York.
*[http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=31 "Watermelon."] ''The George Mateljan Foundation for The World's Healthiest Foods''. Retrieved Jul. 28, 2005.
*[http://www.sundiacorp.com/Watermelon-Fact.php "Watermelon Production and Consumption Demographics."]
* [http://www.watermelon.org/index.asp?a=dsp&htype=funn&pid=35 "Watermelon History."] ''National Watermelon Promotion Board website''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Wolford, Ron and Banks, Drusilla. [http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/veggies/watermelon1.html "Watch Your Garden Grow: Watermelon."] ''University of Illinois Extension''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.

==See also==
* [[List of fruits]]
* [[Vampire watermelons]]
* [[Watermelon stomach]]

{{wikispecies|Citrullus vulgaris}}
{{commons|Watermelon}}
{{Wiktionary}}

[[Category:Melons]]
[[Category:African American culture]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]

Watermelon - Revision history

WikiWorks at 14:53, 12 April 2007