Spermatophyte: Difference between revisions

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The '''spermatophytes''' (also known as '''phanerogams''') comprise those [[plant]]s that produce [[seed]]s. They are a subset of the [[embryophyte]]s or land plants. The living spermatophytes form five groups:
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''Spermatophyte''
| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png  <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio = Spermatophyte
| classis =    <!--- Class -->
| ordo =    <!--- Order -->
| familia =    <!--- Family -->
}}
[[Division]] (phyllum) of the [[plant]] kingdom.{{SCH}}


*[[cycad]]s, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk,
DIVISION [[Spermatophyte|SPERMATOPHYTA or SIPHONOGAMIA]] (PHANEROGAMIA)
*''[[Ginkgo]]'', a single species of [[tree]],
*[[conifers]], cone-bearing trees and [[shrub]]s,
*[[gnetae]], [[woody plant]]s in the genera ''[[Gnetum]]'', ''[[Welwitschia]]'', and ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]]'', and
*[[angiosperms]], the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats.


===Relationships and nomenclature===
:Subdivision: [[Gymnospermae|GYMNOSPERMAE]]
Seed-bearing plants were traditionally divided into [[angiosperm]]s, or flowering plants, and [[gymnosperm]]s, which includes the gnetae, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Angiosperms are now thought to have evolved from a gymnosperm ancestor, which would make gymnosperms a [[paraphyletic]] group if it includes extinct taxa. Although not a [[monophyletic]] taxonomic unit, "gymnosperm" is still widely used to distinguish the four taxa of non-flowering, seed-bearing plants from the angiosperms.
::::Order: [[Cycadales]]
:::::Family: [[Cycadaceae]]
::::Order: [[Ginkgoales]]
:::::Family: [[Ginkgoaceae]]
::::Order: [[Coniferales]]
:::::Family: [[Taxaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Pinaceae]]
::::::Sub-family: [[Cupressineae]]
::::::Sub-family: [[Abietineae]]
::::Order: [[Gnetales]]
:::::Family: [[Gnetaceae]]


[[Molecular phylogeny|Molecular phylogenies]] have conflicted with [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]]-based evidence as to whether extant gymnosperms comprise a monophyletic group. Some morphological data suggests that the Gnetophytes are the sister-group to angiosperms, but molecular phylogenies have generally shown a gymnosperm clade that includes the Gnetophytes as sister-group to the conifers.
:Subdivision: [[Angiospermae|ANGIOSPERMAE]]


A traditional classification grouped put all the seed plants in a single [[division (biology)|division]], with [[class (taxonomy)|class]]es for our five groups:
::CLASS: [[Monocotyledoneae|MONOCOTYLEDONEAE]]
*Division '''Spermatophyta'''
::::Order: [[Pandanales]]
**'''[[Cycad|Cycadopsida]]''', the cycads
:::::Family: [[Typhaceae]]
**'''[[Ginkgo|Ginkgoopsida]]''', the ginkgo
:::::Family: [[Pandanaceae]]
**'''[[Pinopsida]]''', the conifers, ("Coniferopsida")
::::Order: [[Helobiae]]
**'''[[Gnetae|Gnetopsida]]''', the gnetae
:::::Family: [[Naiadaceae]]
**'''[[Magnoliopsida]]''', the [[flowering plant]]s, or '''Angiospermopsida'''
:::::Family: [[Aponogetonaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Alismaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Butomaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Hydrocharitaceae]]
::::Order: [[Glumiflorae]]
:::::Family: [[Gramineae]]
:::::Family: [[Cyperaceae]]
::::Order: [[Principes]]
:::::Family: [[Palmaceae]]
::::Order: [[Synanthae]]
:::::Family: [[Cyclanthaceae]]
::::Order: [[Spathiflorae]]
:::::Family: [[Araceae]]
:::::Family: [[Lemnaceae]]
::::Order: [[Farinosae]]
:::::Family: [[Bromeliaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Commelinaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Pontederiaceae]]
::::Order: [[Liliflorae]]
:::::Family: [[Juncaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Liliaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Amaryllidaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Taccaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Dioscoreaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Iridaceae]]
::::Order: [[Scitamineae]]
:::::Family: [[Musaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Zingiberaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Cannaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Marantaceae]]
::::Order: [[Microspermae]]
:::::Family: [[Orchidaceae]]
:::::::Group: [[Diandrae]]
:::::::Group: [[Monandrae]]


In addition to the taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many [[extinct]] taxa of seed plants. The so-called "seed ferns" ([[Pteridospermae]]) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late [[Paleozoic]]. ''[[Glossopteris]]'' was the most prominent [[tree]] [[genus]] in the ancient southern [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]] during the [[Permian]] period. By the [[Triassic]] period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the [[Cretaceous]], when angiosperms radiated.
::CLASS: [[Dicotyledoneae|DICOTYLEDONEAE]]
:::Sub-class: [[Archichlamydeae]] (Choripetalae and Apetalae)
::::Order: [[Verticillales]]
:::::Family: [[Casuarinaceae]]
::::Order: [[Piperales]]
:::::Family: [[Saururaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Piperaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Chloranthaceae]]
::::Order: [[Salicales]]
:::::Family: [[Salicaceae]]
::::Order: [[Myricales]]
:::::Family: [[Myricaceae]]
::::Order: [[Juglandales]]
:::::Family: [[Juglandaceae]]
::::Order: [[Fagales]]
:::::Family: [[Betulaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Fagaceae]]
::::Order: [[Urticales]]
:::::Family: [[Ulmaceae]]
:::::Family: [[Moraceae]]
:::::Family: [[Urticaceae]]


A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the '''Superdivision Spermatophyta'''):
*'''[[Cycad|Cycadophyta]]''', the cycads
*'''[[Ginkgo|Ginkgophyta]]''', the ginkgo
*'''[[Pinophyta]]''', the [[conifer]]s
*'''[[Gnetae|Gnetophyta]]''', the gnetae
*'''[[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]''', the [[flowering plant]]s


== References ==
TO BE CONTINUED
*Bowe, L. Michelle, Gwénaële Coat, and Claude W. dePamphilis. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 97: 4092-4097.
*Soltis, Douglas E., Pamela S. Soltis and Michael J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. ''American Journal of Botany'' 89: 1670-1681 (abstract [http://intl.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/10/1670 here]).
*Chaw, Shu-Miaw, Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Jeffrey D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 97: 4086-4091 (abstract [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/8/4086 here]).


[[Category:Plants| sort30 Spermatophyta]]
:Subdivision: [[
::CLASS: [[
:::Sub-class: [[
::::Order: [[
:::::Family: [[
::::::Sub-family: [[
:::::::Group: [[
 
 
Source: ''[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]]''
 
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
 
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
 
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
 
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
 
{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Latest revision as of 21:45, 4 May 2009

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[[{{{domain}}}]] > [[{{{superregnum}}}]] > Plantae > [[{{{subregnum}}}]] > [[{{{superdivisio}}}]] > [[{{{superphylum}}}]] > Spermatophyte > [[{{{phylum}}}]] > [[{{{subdivisio}}}]] > [[{{{subphylum}}}]] > [[{{{infraphylum}}}]] > [[{{{microphylum}}}]] > [[{{{nanophylum}}}]] > [[{{{superclassis}}}]] > [[]] > [[{{{subclassis}}}]] > [[{{{infraclassis}}}]] > [[{{{superordo}}}]] > [[]] > [[{{{subordo}}}]] > [[{{{infraordo}}}]] > [[{{{superfamilia}}}]] > [[]] > [[{{{subfamilia}}}]] > [[{{{supertribus}}}]] > [[{{{tribus}}}]] > [[{{{subtribus}}}]] > [[{{{genus}}}]] {{{subgenus}}} {{{sectio}}} {{{series}}} {{{species}}} {{{subspecies}}} var. {{{cultivar}}}



Division (phyllum) of the plant kingdom.CH

DIVISION SPERMATOPHYTA or SIPHONOGAMIA (PHANEROGAMIA)

Subdivision: GYMNOSPERMAE
Order: Cycadales
Family: Cycadaceae
Order: Ginkgoales
Family: Ginkgoaceae
Order: Coniferales
Family: Taxaceae
Family: Pinaceae
Sub-family: Cupressineae
Sub-family: Abietineae
Order: Gnetales
Family: Gnetaceae
Subdivision: ANGIOSPERMAE
CLASS: MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
Order: Pandanales
Family: Typhaceae
Family: Pandanaceae
Order: Helobiae
Family: Naiadaceae
Family: Aponogetonaceae
Family: Alismaceae
Family: Butomaceae
Family: Hydrocharitaceae
Order: Glumiflorae
Family: Gramineae
Family: Cyperaceae
Order: Principes
Family: Palmaceae
Order: Synanthae
Family: Cyclanthaceae
Order: Spathiflorae
Family: Araceae
Family: Lemnaceae
Order: Farinosae
Family: Bromeliaceae
Family: Commelinaceae
Family: Pontederiaceae
Order: Liliflorae
Family: Juncaceae
Family: Liliaceae
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Family: Taccaceae
Family: Dioscoreaceae
Family: Iridaceae
Order: Scitamineae
Family: Musaceae
Family: Zingiberaceae
Family: Cannaceae
Family: Marantaceae
Order: Microspermae
Family: Orchidaceae
Group: Diandrae
Group: Monandrae
CLASS: DICOTYLEDONEAE
Sub-class: Archichlamydeae (Choripetalae and Apetalae)
Order: Verticillales
Family: Casuarinaceae
Order: Piperales
Family: Saururaceae
Family: Piperaceae
Family: Chloranthaceae
Order: Salicales
Family: Salicaceae
Order: Myricales
Family: Myricaceae
Order: Juglandales
Family: Juglandaceae
Order: Fagales
Family: Betulaceae
Family: Fagaceae
Order: Urticales
Family: Ulmaceae
Family: Moraceae
Family: Urticaceae


TO BE CONTINUED

Subdivision: [[
CLASS: [[
Sub-class: [[
Order: [[
Family: [[
Sub-family: [[
Group: [[


Source: Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

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References

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