Phragmites: Difference between revisions

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{{Taxobox
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Phragmites australis''
| name = ''Phragmites''
| common_names = Common Reed
| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpg
| image = Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpg
| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = ''Phragmites australis'' seed head in winter
| image_caption = ''Phragmites australis'' seed head in winter
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| divisio = Magnoliophyta
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| classis = Liliopsida
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| ordo = Poales
| familia = [[Poaceae]]
| familia = Poaceae
| genus = '''''Phragmites'''''
| genus = Phragmites
| species = '''''P. australis'''''
| species = australis
| binomial = ''Phragmites australis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Cav.]]) [[Trin.]] ex [[Steud.]]
}}
}}
'''''Phragmites australis''''', the '''Common Reed''' (see [[Reed (plant)]] for other species also called 'reed'), is a large [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[Poaceae|grass]] native to [[wetland]] sites throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. It is generally regarded as the sole species of the genus '''''Phragmites''''', though some [[botanist]]s divide the genus into three or four species.
{{Inc|
Phragmites (Greek, growing in hedges, apparently from its hedge-like growth along ditches). Gramineae. Large grasses, useful for planting in wet places.


It commonly forms extensive stands, up to a square kilometre or more (known as [[reedbed]]s); where conditions are suitable, it can spread at up to 5&nbsp;m or more per year by horizontal '[[runner (botany)|runner]]' stems, which put down [[root]]s at regular intervals. The erect stems grow to 2&ndash;6&nbsp;m tall, with the taller plants growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing conditions. The [[leaf|leaves]] are broad for a grass, 20&ndash;50&nbsp;cm long and 2&ndash;3&nbsp;cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in a dense, dark purple [[panicle]] 20&ndash;50&nbsp;cm long.
Tall stout perennials with long running rootstocks, strong culms and terminal panicles with the aspect of Arundp: spikelets 3-7-fld. Differs from Arundo chiefly in having glabrous sharp-pointed not bifid lemmas, the long hairs confined to the rachilla-joints, and in that the lowest floret is staminate.—Species 3, 1 in Trop. Asia, 1 in S. Amer. and 1, our species, cosmopolitan.
 
{{SCH}}
The Common Reed is a very important plant for wildlife and conservation, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], where several species of [[bird]]s are strongly tied to large ''Phragmites'' stands, notably:-
}}
*[[Bearded Tit]] ''Panurus biarmicus''
*[[Reed Warbler]] ''Acrocephalus scirpaceus''
*[[Great Bittern]] ''Botaurus stellaris''
 
In [[North America]], the species' status was misunderstood. It was commonly considered to be an [[exotic species]], not native but introduced from Europe; however, there is clear evidence of the existence of ''Phragmites'' native in North America long before European colonisation of the continent. It is now known that the North American native forms of ''Phragmites'' are markedly less vigorous than European forms; the recent marked increase in ''Phragmites'' in North America may be due to a vigorous, but otherwise almost indistinguishable European form of the species, best detectable by [[genetics|genetic]] analysis. This is causing serious problems for many other North American wetland plants, including the local form of the species.<ref>http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=301&fr=1&sts=</ref>
 
Recent studies have characterised morphological variation among the introduced and native stands of ''Phragmites'' in North America. The Eurasian genotype can be distinguished from the North American genotype by its shorter ligules (up to 0.9&nbsp;mm vs. over 1.0&nbsp;mm), shorter glumes (under 3.2&nbsp;mm vs. over 3.2&nbsp;mm, although there is some overlap in this character), and culm characteristics.  Recently, the North American genotype has been described as a distinct subspecies, ''Phragmites australis'' subsp. ''americanus'' Saltonstall, Peterson, and Soreng; the Eurasian genotype is referred to as ''Phragmites australis'' subsp. ''australis''. Rhizomes of the plant are rich in [[dimethyltryptamine|N,N-DMT]] alkaloids (Wassel et al. 1985).


[[Synonymy|Synonyms]] include ''Arundo phragmites'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] (the [[basionym]]), ''Phragmites altissimus, P. berlandieri, P. communis, P. dioicus, P. maximus, P. vulgaris''.
==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->


[[Image:Reedbeach_edit1.JPG|thumb|left|600 px| A previously sandy beach invaded by reeds.]] {{-}}
===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->


== In literature ==
===Pests and diseases===
One reference to reeds in European literature is Frenchman [[Blaise Pascal]]'s saying that Man is but a 'thinking reed' (''roseau pensant''). In [[Jean de La Fontaine|La Fontaine]]'s famous fable (''Le chêne et le roseau''), the reed tells the proud [[oak]]: "I bend, and break not" ("''Je plie, et ne romps pas''"), before the tree's fall.
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->


[[Moses]] was "drawn out of the water where his mother had placed him in a reed basket to save him from the death that had been decreed by the Pharaoh against the firstborn of all of the children of Israel in Egypt (Exodus 2:10)."<ref> [http://cc.usu.edu/~fath6/Moses.htm usu.edu]</ref>
==Species==
 
<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
==See also==
*[[Psychedelic plants]]
 
== External links ==
{{commons|Phragmites australis|Phragmites}}
* [http://www.invasiveplants.net/phragmites/PNAS.pdf Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America] (pdf file)


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
[[Image:Reedbeach_edit1.JPG|thumb|left|600 px| A previously sandy beach invaded by reeds.]]
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Phragmites australis1.jpg|Reed stems in flower, in [[France]]
Image:Phragmites australis1.jpg|Reed stems in flower, in [[France]]
Line 49: Line 55:
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
 
==See also==
*[[Psychedelic plants]]


==External links==
*{{wplink}}


{{Reflist}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]


[[Category:Grasses]]
<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]

Latest revision as of 04:22, 10 July 2009

Phragmites australis
{{{latin_name}}}
 Common Reed
Phragmites australis seed head in winter
Habit: ?
Height: ⇕ ?
Width: ⇔
Lifespan: ⌛
Origin: ✈ ?
Poisonous: ☠
Exposure: ☼ ?
Water: ◍ ?
Features: ✓
Hardiness: ☃
Bloom: ❀
USDA Zones: ?
Sunset Zones:
[[{{{domain}}}]] > [[{{{superregnum}}}]] > Plantae > [[{{{subregnum}}}]] > [[{{{superdivisio}}}]] > [[{{{superphylum}}}]] > Magnoliophyta > [[{{{phylum}}}]] > [[{{{subdivisio}}}]] > [[{{{subphylum}}}]] > [[{{{infraphylum}}}]] > [[{{{microphylum}}}]] > [[{{{nanophylum}}}]] > [[{{{superclassis}}}]] > Liliopsida > [[{{{subclassis}}}]] > [[{{{infraclassis}}}]] > [[{{{superordo}}}]] > Poales > [[{{{subordo}}}]] > [[{{{infraordo}}}]] > [[{{{superfamilia}}}]] > Poaceae > [[{{{subfamilia}}}]] > [[{{{supertribus}}}]] > [[{{{tribus}}}]] > [[{{{subtribus}}}]] > Phragmites {{{subgenus}}} {{{sectio}}} {{{series}}} australis {{{subspecies}}} var. {{{cultivar}}}




Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

Phragmites (Greek, growing in hedges, apparently from its hedge-like growth along ditches). Gramineae. Large grasses, useful for planting in wet places.

Tall stout perennials with long running rootstocks, strong culms and terminal panicles with the aspect of Arundp: spikelets 3-7-fld. Differs from Arundo chiefly in having glabrous sharp-pointed not bifid lemmas, the long hairs confined to the rachilla-joints, and in that the lowest floret is staminate.—Species 3, 1 in Trop. Asia, 1 in S. Amer. and 1, our species, cosmopolitan. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

Gallery

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A previously sandy beach invaded by reeds.
  • Reed stems in flower, in France
    Reed stems in flower, in France
  • Reed growth in early summer
    Reed growth in early summer
  • Roadside reed left from previous year, in Hungary
    Roadside reed left from previous year, in Hungary

References

See also

External links


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